I wrote some general cleaning procedures back here and several people thanked me and asked for more. So I want to take some time and give you some more general and some specific cleaning procedures, along with some important definitions.

I have two ways to explain what I feel clean is. First, the absence of removable soil. Sometimes that means the object may be clean but still look bad, such as a wall that needs paint, or a desk that is scratched. It might also be that there is a stain, something that is not removable so the object does not really look clean. Second, I like to say that it will look brand new, or as close to that as possible.

In healthcare cleaning, we go beyond the look of something. It is the visible dirt that makes us unhappy, but it is the invisible “dirt” that makes us sick. We clean surfaces that may already look clean to the naked eye but under a microscope it could be crawling with bacteria.

So what is cleaning?

cleaning present participle of clean (Verb)

1. Make (something or someone) free of dirt, marks, or mess, esp. by washing, wiping, or brushing: "chair covers should be easy to clean"; "he expected other people to clean up after him"; "Anne will help with the cleaning".

What is green cleaning?

Green cleaning can be defined as “effective cleaning that protects health without harming the environment.”

The federal government has defined “green” and “environmentally preferred purchasing” as “…products and services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products and services that serve the same purpose.” — Executive Order 13101 which can be seen at www.ofee.gov/eo/13101.htm.

Both definitions focus on the impact cleaning has on the health of people as well as the impact it has on the environment. Both definitions also describe a goal of striving to make sure cleaning has as positive an impact on human health and the environment as possible. ⁽¹⁾

What is Terminal Cleaning?

Terminal cleaning methods vary, but usually include removing all detachable objects in the room, cleaning lighting and air duct surfaces in the ceiling, and cleaning everything downward to the floor. Items removed from the room are disinfected or sanitized before being returned to the room. Terminal cleaning of patient rooms should include the following steps: ⁽²⁾ 

• Using an EPA-approved, hospital-grade disinfectant, the following items should be cleaned:

> Top, front and sides of the bed’s headboard, mattress, bedframe, foot board and side rails, and between side rails

> TV remote

> Nurse-call device and cord

> All high-touch areas in the room including tabletops, bedside tabletop and inner drawer, phone and cradle, armchairs, door and cabinet handles, light switches, closet handles, etc.

• In the bathroom, start with the highest surface and clean the toilet last; clean the sink and counter area, including sink fixtures, and if there is a shower, the support bars and shower fixtures and surfaces

• Privacy curtains should be removed, placed in a plastic bag in the room and double bagged into a laundry bag with the assistance of another member of the ES staff standing at the door outside the room. The person outside the door should wear gloves. After completing the task this person should remove gloves, wash hands with an antimicrobial soap and water or apply an alcohol rub to their hands.

• Cleaning of window curtains, ceiling or walls is not necessary unless visibly soiled.

• Following patient discharge, clinical equipment must be cleaned and disinfected, moved to the door of the room for removal to central supply or to the sterile processing department.

• Following the terminal cleaning of a patient room, gloves should be removed so as to avoid touching the outside of the gloves. Hands should be washed with an antimicrobial soap and water or an alcohol rub applied to the hands prior to donning a new set of gloves.

Best Tip for cleaning:

Use microfiber towels and mops. This is the single most effective change you can make. Microfiber is a scientific discovery that is the foundation for a greener, safer, healthier environment. Microfiber is able to accumulate and absorb more particles of dirt and bacteria than any other fabric known. It can absorb up to 7 times its weight in dirt or liquid. Microfiber is a lint free, non-abrasive, and hypoallergenic product that allows you to clean without the use of chemicals. Unlike ordinary cotton towels that move, or push, the dirt and dust from one point to another, Microfiber actually gets underneath the dirt and lifts it from the surface. It then stores the dirt particles in the towel, until it is washed. Microfiber dust cloths are safe on all surfaces.

Using a traditional cotton loop mop for wet mopping in hospitals has been standard operating procedure in floor cleaning for healthcare facilities for decades. Recently, the healthcare industry has begun to look long and hard at evaluating a different method for cleaning hard surface floors within healthcare facilities with the hope of reducing chemical use, water use and increasing employee and patient health as well as improving overall cleanliness on site. ⁽³⁾

Microfiber mops are densely constructed polyester and nylon fibers able to hold 6 times their weight in water. Because the fibers are positively charged, it attracts and picks up dust (which is negatively charged), and these microfibers are able to penetrate the microscopic surface pores of any material.

Using the traditional cotton loop mop, it was required that the mop head and water be changed every two or three rooms to reduce the risk of cross contamination. This meant dumping gallons of water and chemical down the drain along with the hardship on employees of lifting the heavy bucket to do so.

Using the microfiber mops, the risk of cross contamination is reduced greatly in that you use one mop per room. With the microfiber system, 20 rooms can be cleaned using 1 and ½ gallon of water and 1 and ½ ounces of chemical.

Use of microfiber in hospitals and other organizations has been endorsed by:

• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• The American Hospital Association
• The American Nurses Association
• Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC)

Last but not least, use some Elbow Grease                                                               

Elbow grease is an idiom for working hard at manual labor, as in "You need to use some elbow grease." It is a humorous reflection of the fact that some tasks can only be achieved by hard effort and human energy, contrasting with the idea that there should be some special oil, tool or chemical product to make the job easier. Even with green chemicals and microfiber, cleaning takes effort. You can’t swish a towel around and expect a surface to be clean. You need to put some effort in and scrub. This is one area where there are no shortcuts. Can’t get those minerals off the toilet?, scrub. Shower walls have a film? scrub it.

References:

1 http://www.waxie.com/what_is_green_cleaning_.html

2 “Practice Guidance for Healthcare Environmental Cleaning” from the American Society for Healthcare Environmental Services (ASHES).

3 American Journal of Infection Control Volume 35, Issue 9, November 2007, Pages 569 – 573 William A. Rutala PhD, MPH, Maria F. Gergen MT (ASCP) and David J. Weber MD, MPH

What is Clostridium difficile?

Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that produces two exotoxins: toxin A and toxin B. It is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). It accounts for 15-25% of all episodes of AAD.

Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that may develop due to the prolonged use of antibiotics during healthcare treatment. Clostridium difficile infections cause diarrhea and more serious intestinal conditions such as colitis. The CDC provides guidelines and tools to the healthcare community to help end clostridium difficile infections and resources to help the public understand these infections and take measures to safeguard their own health when possible.

C. difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium. Normally fastidious in its vegetative state, it is capable of sporulating when environmental conditions no longer support its continued growth. The capacity to form spores enables the organism to persist in the environment (e.g., in soil and on dry surfaces) for extended periods of time. Environmental contamination by this microorganism is well known, especially in places where fecal contamination may occur. The environment (especially housekeeping surfaces) rarely serves as a direct source of infection for patients. However, direct exposure to contaminated patient-care items (e.g., rectal thermometers) and high-touch surfaces in patients’ bathrooms (e.g., light switches) have been implicated as sources of infection.

How is Clostridium difficile transmitted?

Clostridium difficile is shed in feces. Any surface, device, or material (e.g., commodes, bathing tubs, and electronic rectal thermometers) that becomes contaminated with feces may serve as a reservoir for the Clostridium difficile spores. Clostridium difficile spores are transferred to patients mainly via the hands of healthcare personnel who have touched a contaminated surface or item.

Transfer of the pathogen to the patient via the hands of health-care workers is thought to be the most likely mechanism of exposure. Standard isolation techniques intended to minimize enteric contamination of patients, health-care–workers’ hands, patient-care items, and environmental surfaces have been published. Hand washing remains the most effective means of reducing hand contamination. Proper use of gloves is an ancillary measure that helps to further minimize transfer of these pathogens from one surface to another.

What can I use to clean and disinfect surfaces and devices to help control Clostridium difficile?

Surfaces should be kept clean, and body substance spills should be managed promptly as outlined in CDC’s "Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities." [PDF 1.4 MB] Routine cleaning should be performed prior to disinfection. EPA-registered disinfectants with a sporicidal claim have been used with success for environmental surface disinfection in those patient-care areas where surveillance and epidemiology indicate ongoing transmission of Clostridium difficile. It is important to distinguish the need for a disinfectant with a sporicidal claim. Currently only specific bleach containing products have this registration. Bleach harms surfaces and is hazardous to the user. Normally, HAI’s can often be controlled with good cleaning practices and a non bleach disinfectant.

The recommended approach to environmental infection control with respect to C. difficile is meticulous cleaning followed by disinfection using hypochlorite-based germicides as appropriate. I recommend using microfiber towels and an accelerated hydrogen peroxide based disinfectant. There are now a few products with a C.difficile claim. One I have tried is Dispatch wipes. I found the odor to be acceptable for most of my staff but the film left after using is a significant and required a second cleaning to remove it for an acceptable appearance.

What is MRSA?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacteria that causes serious infections that are resistant to many of the strongest antibiotics, including methicillin and other more commonly used antibiotics (including penicillin and amoxicillin). (1)

MRSA occurs most frequently among patients who undergo invasive medical procedures or who have weakened immune systems and are being treated in hospitals and healthcare facilities. (2) These healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) include surgical wound infections, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections and pneumonia. (3) People who have been hospitalized or had surgery within the past year or who are receiving treatments like dialysis are at increased risk for infections with MRSA. (4)

MRSA infections have risen sharply in recent years. In 1972, MRSA accounted for only two percent of all Staphylococcus aureus HAIs reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the U.S. (5) Recent data show that MRSA now accounts for 50 to 70 percent of Staphylococcus aureus infections. (6)

Staphylococcus aureus (“staph”) organisms are common bacteria that can live on the skin and are one of the most common causes of skin infections in the U.S. (7) The bacteria also live harmlessly in the nasal passages of roughly 30 percent of the U.S. population. These people are sometimes called “staph carriers” or persons who are “colonized” with staph organisms. Staph organisms can cause infection when they enter the skin through a cut or sore. Infection can also occur when the bacteria move inside the body through a catheter or breathing tube. The infection can be minor and local (for example, a pimple) or more serious. (8)

Though MRSA is generally associated with healthcare institutions, it can also occur in persons who have had no contact with a healthcare facility. These types of MRSA infections are classified as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and are presenting to hospital emergency departments and outpatient clinics in increasing numbers. In addition, patients with CA-MRSA who are admitted to a healthcare facility can be the source for organisms that can be spread to other hospitalized patients, and such spread has been well documented. Many such infections have also occurred among athletes who share equipment or personal items (such as towels or razors) and among children in daycare facilities who are in very close contact with one another throughout the day. (9) By some estimates, more than half of all skin infections now treated in emergency rooms are caused by MRSA. (10)

How does someone contract MRSA?
MRSA is most often contracted while a patient is in the hospital. Transmission of MRSA organisms can occur from skin-to-skin contact with someone who has MRSA on their skin, by hands of healthcare personnel who pick up organisms on their hands from a colonized patient and then care for another patient without washing their hands between the tasks, by contact with items such as computer keyboards or surfaces such as bedrails that have the
organisms on them, and through insertion of devices such as catheters or breathing tubes that bypass the body’s natural defenses.

The risk for the spread of CA-MRSA is highest where people with poor hygiene are associating in close quarters such as prisons, homeless shelters, locker rooms and daycare centers.

How do we clean rooms used by MRSA infected patients?
Using a EPA registered disinfectant with a MRSA rating clean thoroughly using friction, all surfaces in the patient room, paying particular attention to high touch  surfaces. Be sure to follow contact precautions in addition to universal precautions, and wash hands thoroughly, when you finish cleaning.

References:

1 www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/print/ency/article/007261.htm
2 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_MRSA_spotlight_2006.html
3 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca_public.html
4http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/print/ency/article/007261.htm
5 www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r061019.htm
6 Siegel JD, Rhineheart E, Jackson M, Linda C; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.
“Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings, 2006.” Available at

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf.

7 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca_public.html
8 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/print/ency/article/007261.htm
9 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/print/ency/article/007261.htm
10 Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Talan DA; Emergency ID Net Study Group. (2006). Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infections among Patients in the Emergency Department, New England Journal of Medicine, 355,666-674.